The corrosive effect of polluted, acidic city air on limestone and marble was noted in the 17th century by John Evelyn, who remarked upon the poor condition of the Arundel marbles. Since the Industrial Revolution, emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides to the atmosphere have increased. In 1852, Robert Angus Smith was the first to show the relationship between acid rain and atmospheric pollution in Manchester, England. Though acidic rain was discovered in 1852, it was not until the late1960s that scientist began widely observing and studying the phenomenon. The term "acid rain" was coined in 1870s after The New York Times promulgated reports from the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire of the myriad deleterious environmental effects demonstrated effects demonstrated to result from it.
Occasional pH readings in rain and fog water of well below 2.4 he been reported in indrustialized areas. Industrial acid rain is a substantial problem in China and Russia and areas down - wind from them. These areas all burn sulfur - containing coal to generate heat and electricity. The problem of acid rain not only has increased with population and industrial growth, but has become more widespread. The use off tall smokestacks to reduce local pollution has contributed to the spread of acid rain by releasing gases into regional atmospheric circulation. Often deposition occurs a considerable distance downwind of the emission, with mountainous regions tending to receive the greatest deposition (simply because of their higher rainfall). an example of this effect is the low pH of rain (compared to the local emissions) which falls in Scandinavia.
CREATED BY : JESSICA SANDRA
Thursday, 12 May 2011
LAPORAN
Laporan Ekspedisi Mendaki Gunung Kinabalu Sekolah Menengah St. Anthony
Tanggal 31 Mei 2010 sempena cuti sekolah pertengahan tahun, Kelab Rekreasi Sekolah Menengah St. Anthony telah mengadakan ekspedisi mendaki Gunung Kinabalu. Ekspedisi mendaki Gunung Kinabalu merupakan program tahunan sekolah di samping menguji ketabahan mental dan fizikal pendaki. Ekspedisi kali ini disertai oleh 20 orang pelajar tingkatan 2 dan 3, iaitu 12 orang pelajar lelaki dah 8 orang pelajar perempuan. Turut mengiringi ialah 5 orang guru, iaitu Cikgu Ravinathan, Cikgu Yusri, Cikgu Kenneth, CIkgu Mala, dan Cikgu Arlina.
Pada jam 7.30 pagi, kami semua telah berkumpul di tapak perhimpunan sekolah sebelum bertolak dengan menaiki bas ke Terminal Feri. Kami dijangka menaiki feri ke Kota Kinabalu pada jam 9.30 pagi. Perjalanan feri mengambil masa lebih kurang dua jam setengah. Tepat jam 1.00 tengah hari, feri yang kami naiki telah berlabuh di Terminal Feri Kota Kinabalu. Bas yang disewa telah sedia menunggu kami untuk dibawa ke Taman Kinabalu.
Tepat jam 8.00 pagi pada tanggal 28 Mei 2010 kami memulakan pendakian dengan dipandu oleh dua orang jurupandu yang berpengalaman. Kami memulakan pendakian dari pohon Timpohon dalam suasana pagi yang dingin dan menyamankan.
Sepanjang perjalanan kami akan berhenti rehat di pondok-pondok yang telah disedaikan dan kami berpeluang menghilangkandahaga dengan air gunung yang bersih lagi sejuk. Menjelang pukul 2.00 petang, kami berrehat di tempat persinggahan Laban Rata sebelum meneruskan perjalanan ke puncak pada jam 2.30 pagi nanti. Di Laban Rata, kami berpeluang rehat di bilik masing-masing dan menjamah makanan di restoran.
Suasana pagi yang sungguh dingin hinggan kr tulang hitam pada jam 2.30 pagi memaksa kami sema menyarung pakaian yang tebal, sarung tangan, dan topeng muka. Menurut jurupandu kami, cuaca yang terlalu sejuk boleh menyebabkan hidung berdarah. Pendakian ke puncak agak mencabar kerana jalan yang licin dan keadaan yang masih gelap.
Tepat jam 6.00 pagi, kami tiba di Puncak Law. Kami dapat menghirup udara dingin pagiyang bersih lagi nyaman, nenikmati pandangan matahari terbit serta dapat melihat dengan jelas pekan Ranau dan Kundasang. Selepas beberapa ketika kami bertolak turun semula ke tempat persinggahan seterusnya ke kaki gunung.
Sebelum bertolak balik ke Wilayah Perseketuan Labuan, kami sempat melawat sekitar Taman Kinabalu dah Kolah Air Panas Poring. Rombongan ekspedisi tiba di Waliyah Persetuan Labuan pada 30 mei 2010 jam 6.00 petang.
Selama empat hari ekspedisi dijalankan, kami semua bersyukur kerana berjaya pulang dengan selamat ke destinasi masing-masing. Walaupun badan terasa lenguh-lenguh, namun hati masing-masing berasa puas kerana telah berjaya menawan gunug yang kedua tertinggi di Asia Tenggara.
Di harapkan pada tahun akan datang Kelab Rekreasi dapat menganjurkan ekspedisi lain yang lebih mencabar.
Disediakan oleh, 2 JUN 2010.
Hayati
(SH. HAYATI SYED MOHD)
Setiausaha,
Kelab Rekreasi.
DISEDIAHKAN OLEH : JESSICA SANDRA
Tanggal 31 Mei 2010 sempena cuti sekolah pertengahan tahun, Kelab Rekreasi Sekolah Menengah St. Anthony telah mengadakan ekspedisi mendaki Gunung Kinabalu. Ekspedisi mendaki Gunung Kinabalu merupakan program tahunan sekolah di samping menguji ketabahan mental dan fizikal pendaki. Ekspedisi kali ini disertai oleh 20 orang pelajar tingkatan 2 dan 3, iaitu 12 orang pelajar lelaki dah 8 orang pelajar perempuan. Turut mengiringi ialah 5 orang guru, iaitu Cikgu Ravinathan, Cikgu Yusri, Cikgu Kenneth, CIkgu Mala, dan Cikgu Arlina.
Pada jam 7.30 pagi, kami semua telah berkumpul di tapak perhimpunan sekolah sebelum bertolak dengan menaiki bas ke Terminal Feri. Kami dijangka menaiki feri ke Kota Kinabalu pada jam 9.30 pagi. Perjalanan feri mengambil masa lebih kurang dua jam setengah. Tepat jam 1.00 tengah hari, feri yang kami naiki telah berlabuh di Terminal Feri Kota Kinabalu. Bas yang disewa telah sedia menunggu kami untuk dibawa ke Taman Kinabalu.
Tepat jam 8.00 pagi pada tanggal 28 Mei 2010 kami memulakan pendakian dengan dipandu oleh dua orang jurupandu yang berpengalaman. Kami memulakan pendakian dari pohon Timpohon dalam suasana pagi yang dingin dan menyamankan.
Sepanjang perjalanan kami akan berhenti rehat di pondok-pondok yang telah disedaikan dan kami berpeluang menghilangkandahaga dengan air gunung yang bersih lagi sejuk. Menjelang pukul 2.00 petang, kami berrehat di tempat persinggahan Laban Rata sebelum meneruskan perjalanan ke puncak pada jam 2.30 pagi nanti. Di Laban Rata, kami berpeluang rehat di bilik masing-masing dan menjamah makanan di restoran.
Suasana pagi yang sungguh dingin hinggan kr tulang hitam pada jam 2.30 pagi memaksa kami sema menyarung pakaian yang tebal, sarung tangan, dan topeng muka. Menurut jurupandu kami, cuaca yang terlalu sejuk boleh menyebabkan hidung berdarah. Pendakian ke puncak agak mencabar kerana jalan yang licin dan keadaan yang masih gelap.
Tepat jam 6.00 pagi, kami tiba di Puncak Law. Kami dapat menghirup udara dingin pagiyang bersih lagi nyaman, nenikmati pandangan matahari terbit serta dapat melihat dengan jelas pekan Ranau dan Kundasang. Selepas beberapa ketika kami bertolak turun semula ke tempat persinggahan seterusnya ke kaki gunung.
Sebelum bertolak balik ke Wilayah Perseketuan Labuan, kami sempat melawat sekitar Taman Kinabalu dah Kolah Air Panas Poring. Rombongan ekspedisi tiba di Waliyah Persetuan Labuan pada 30 mei 2010 jam 6.00 petang.
Selama empat hari ekspedisi dijalankan, kami semua bersyukur kerana berjaya pulang dengan selamat ke destinasi masing-masing. Walaupun badan terasa lenguh-lenguh, namun hati masing-masing berasa puas kerana telah berjaya menawan gunug yang kedua tertinggi di Asia Tenggara.
Di harapkan pada tahun akan datang Kelab Rekreasi dapat menganjurkan ekspedisi lain yang lebih mencabar.
Disediakan oleh, 2 JUN 2010.
Hayati
(SH. HAYATI SYED MOHD)
Setiausaha,
Kelab Rekreasi.
DISEDIAHKAN OLEH : JESSICA SANDRA
Tuesday, 10 May 2011
SKOP PENGANGKUTAN AWAM
Rangkaian pengangkutan awam di negara kita boleh dikategorikan sebagai pengangkutan bas, teksi, Sistem Transit Tren Ringan (LRT) dan monorel. Memang sudah ada banyak usaha yang dilakukan untuk menyatukan semua perkhidmatan ini tetapi kejayaannya masih jauh lagi. Oleh itu, pelbagai kemelut yang melanda sistem pengangkutan awam negara kita harus difahami untuk menangani masalah yang sudah berlanjutan agak lama ini.
Sudah pasti dilema utama yang dihadapi oleh masyarakat terhadap sistem pengangkutan awam kita ialah harganya yang mahal. Kadar tambang terutama teksi dan LRT dianggap oleh masyarakat sebagai agak mahal untuk mereka gunakan dengan kerap sistem pengangkutan itu. Kadaan ini menyebabkan jumlah pengguna pengangkutan awam terutama LRT agak kurang dan tidak menyeluruh seperti mereka hanya menggunakan pengangkutan awam hanya untuk ke pejabat sahaja. Jadi, kemelut utama ini harus diselesaikan oleh kerajaan jika mereka mahu melihat rakyat negara ini berduyun-duyun menggunakan LRT.
Selain itu, kemelut pengangkutan awam ini turut dikaitkan sistem pengangkutan awam yang tidak cekap. Masyarakat menganggap sistem pengangkutan awam terutama bas tidak boleh diharap terutama jadual perjalanannya yang menyebabkan masyarakat sukar untuk merancang dan menjangka tempoh perjalanan yang bakal mereka hadapi. Masalah penjagaan bas, LRT dan teksi turut dikatakan termasuk dalam kategori ini kerana penyelenggaraan yang tidak menyeluruh. Oleh itu, masyarakat bukan sahaja menyampah melihat kegagalan pengangkutan awam mematuhi jadualnya tetapi juga kegagalan mereka untuk menjaga tahap kualiti perkhidmatan pengangkutan awam mereka.
Kalau anda sering menggunakan pengangkutan awam sudah pasti anda akan menghadapi masalah untuk menukar sistem pengangkutan, contohnya antara monorel dengan LRT atau antara bas dengan monorel. Keadaan ini menyebabkan penjalanan penumpang terganggu kerana terpaksa beratur untuk membeli tiket sebelum menaiki pengangkutan awam yang lain pula. Dalam era globalisasi yang mengutamakan kepantasan, sudah pasti keadaan ini dianggap merumitkan kehidupan masyarakat. Maka, satu sistem tiket yang bersepadu harus dihasilkan oleh kerajaan dengan segera sebelum kemelut ini menjadi semakin rumit untuk diselesaikan.
Malah, pengangkutan awam turut terjejas akibat tindakan segelintir pekerja mereka seperti pemandu teksi dan pemandu bas yang tidak sopan ketika memandu. Sering kali masyarakat mengadu kerakusan pemandu pengangkutan awam di jalan raya yang dibuktikan oleh meningkatkan kemalangan yang melibatkan pengangkutan awam ini. Sikap tidak prihatin mereka ini telah memberi satu imej negatif kepada semua pekerja yang bekerja dalam sistem pengangkutan awam negara. Sesungguhnya, semua pekerja pengangkutan awam harus diberi satu kursus untuk memastikan mereka lebih mesra pelanggan dan bukannya dibenci oleh pelanggan.
Kesimpulannya, masalah pengangkutan awam ini memang banyak dan sudah lama serta masih gagal diselesaikan. Situasi ini berlaku kerana kurangnya kesungguhan pihak kerajaan untuk mengambil langkah awal dalam menanganinya. Ketika masyarakat semakin gusar dengan mutu perkhidmatan pengangkutan awam, kerajaan pula terus berdiam diri dan hanya bertindak apabila isu itu menjadi tatapan masyarakat dalam media massa negara. Mungkin sudah sampai masanya kerajaan bertindak tegas dalam kemelut ini.
DISEDIAKAN OLEH : JESSICA SANDRA
Sudah pasti dilema utama yang dihadapi oleh masyarakat terhadap sistem pengangkutan awam kita ialah harganya yang mahal. Kadar tambang terutama teksi dan LRT dianggap oleh masyarakat sebagai agak mahal untuk mereka gunakan dengan kerap sistem pengangkutan itu. Kadaan ini menyebabkan jumlah pengguna pengangkutan awam terutama LRT agak kurang dan tidak menyeluruh seperti mereka hanya menggunakan pengangkutan awam hanya untuk ke pejabat sahaja. Jadi, kemelut utama ini harus diselesaikan oleh kerajaan jika mereka mahu melihat rakyat negara ini berduyun-duyun menggunakan LRT.
Selain itu, kemelut pengangkutan awam ini turut dikaitkan sistem pengangkutan awam yang tidak cekap. Masyarakat menganggap sistem pengangkutan awam terutama bas tidak boleh diharap terutama jadual perjalanannya yang menyebabkan masyarakat sukar untuk merancang dan menjangka tempoh perjalanan yang bakal mereka hadapi. Masalah penjagaan bas, LRT dan teksi turut dikatakan termasuk dalam kategori ini kerana penyelenggaraan yang tidak menyeluruh. Oleh itu, masyarakat bukan sahaja menyampah melihat kegagalan pengangkutan awam mematuhi jadualnya tetapi juga kegagalan mereka untuk menjaga tahap kualiti perkhidmatan pengangkutan awam mereka.
Kalau anda sering menggunakan pengangkutan awam sudah pasti anda akan menghadapi masalah untuk menukar sistem pengangkutan, contohnya antara monorel dengan LRT atau antara bas dengan monorel. Keadaan ini menyebabkan penjalanan penumpang terganggu kerana terpaksa beratur untuk membeli tiket sebelum menaiki pengangkutan awam yang lain pula. Dalam era globalisasi yang mengutamakan kepantasan, sudah pasti keadaan ini dianggap merumitkan kehidupan masyarakat. Maka, satu sistem tiket yang bersepadu harus dihasilkan oleh kerajaan dengan segera sebelum kemelut ini menjadi semakin rumit untuk diselesaikan.
Malah, pengangkutan awam turut terjejas akibat tindakan segelintir pekerja mereka seperti pemandu teksi dan pemandu bas yang tidak sopan ketika memandu. Sering kali masyarakat mengadu kerakusan pemandu pengangkutan awam di jalan raya yang dibuktikan oleh meningkatkan kemalangan yang melibatkan pengangkutan awam ini. Sikap tidak prihatin mereka ini telah memberi satu imej negatif kepada semua pekerja yang bekerja dalam sistem pengangkutan awam negara. Sesungguhnya, semua pekerja pengangkutan awam harus diberi satu kursus untuk memastikan mereka lebih mesra pelanggan dan bukannya dibenci oleh pelanggan.
Kesimpulannya, masalah pengangkutan awam ini memang banyak dan sudah lama serta masih gagal diselesaikan. Situasi ini berlaku kerana kurangnya kesungguhan pihak kerajaan untuk mengambil langkah awal dalam menanganinya. Ketika masyarakat semakin gusar dengan mutu perkhidmatan pengangkutan awam, kerajaan pula terus berdiam diri dan hanya bertindak apabila isu itu menjadi tatapan masyarakat dalam media massa negara. Mungkin sudah sampai masanya kerajaan bertindak tegas dalam kemelut ini.
DISEDIAKAN OLEH : JESSICA SANDRA
KEBAIKAN PELAJAR BEKERJA SAMBILAN
Apakah kerja sambilan? Sebenarnya kerja sambilan ini merujuk kerja sementara yang biasanya dilakukan oleh golongan remaja terutama ketika musim cuti sekolah. Kerja ini turut dilakukan oleh golongan tua dan wanita atas dasar untuk menambah pendapatan atau membantu suami menyara keluarga. Sememangnya kerja sambilan wajar dilakukan oleh remaja kerana sudah menjadi satu gaya hidup moden tetapi gaya ini turut mencetuskan pelbagai impak terhadap remaja.
Kerja sambilan ini memberi satu pengajaran berguna kepada remaja dalam kehidupan. Jangka masa yang pendek bersama-sama rakan sekerja dan majikan pasti meninggalkan pelbagai kesan yang menarik. Remaja menyedari betapa kehidupan social memerlukan kemahiran tinggi terutama ketika di tempat kerja. Jadi, pengalaman kerja sambilan menjadi alat untuk menjelaskan erti kehidupan sebenar kepada remaja sebelum mereka benar-benar melaluinya.
Malah, remaja mampu membentuk personaliti yang menarik menerusi kerja sambilan ini. Tugas di tempat kerja membina jati diri remaja yang baru kerana kerja ini memerlukan mereka menepati masa, rajin bekerja, menurut arahan, dan menggunakan minda ketika berinteraksi dengan pelanggan. Remaja yang dahulunya malas, tiada wawasan,tidak yakin diri dan sebagainya pasti berubah sebaik sahaja mereka bekerja secara sambilan ini.
Sudah pasti kelebihan ketara bekerja secara sambilan ini ialah aspek kewangan. Remaja mempunyai wang mereka sendiri yang memberi sedikit kepuasan dalam hidup. Perasaan mampu membeli sesuatu atas kemampuan kewangan sendiri sememangnya membawa satu perasaan yang tidak dapat dihuraikan. Jelaslah, kerja sambilan memberi satu kepuasan kewangan yang begitu tinggi kepada remaja.
Cuma dalam keghairahan remaja bekerja secara sambilan ini, aspek impak negatifnya harus diberi pertimbangan sewajarnya. Remaja menjadi individu yang terlalu sibuk, mementingkan kewangan,lupa tugas belajar mereka dan mungkin terlalu angkuh sehingga menganggap mereka sudah mampu hidup sendiri tanpa bantuan keluarga. Sikap terlalu rapat dengan rakan sekerja yang lebih dewasa turut mampu menjerumuskan remaja ke arah budaya yang tidak sihat.
Kesimpulannya, kerja sambilan sememangnya wajar dilakukan oleh remaja tetapi harus secara bertanggungjawab. Remaja harus menimbang dengan mendalam sebelum menyertai kerja sambilan. Bukan sahaja kebenaran ibubapa penting tetapi remaja harus bertanya kepada diri sendiri, adakah ini sesuatu yang ingin mereka lakukan? Atau mereka penuhkan masa cuti mereka dengan aktiviti berfaedah yang lain.
DISEDIAKAN OLEH : JESSICA SANDRA
Kerja sambilan ini memberi satu pengajaran berguna kepada remaja dalam kehidupan. Jangka masa yang pendek bersama-sama rakan sekerja dan majikan pasti meninggalkan pelbagai kesan yang menarik. Remaja menyedari betapa kehidupan social memerlukan kemahiran tinggi terutama ketika di tempat kerja. Jadi, pengalaman kerja sambilan menjadi alat untuk menjelaskan erti kehidupan sebenar kepada remaja sebelum mereka benar-benar melaluinya.
Malah, remaja mampu membentuk personaliti yang menarik menerusi kerja sambilan ini. Tugas di tempat kerja membina jati diri remaja yang baru kerana kerja ini memerlukan mereka menepati masa, rajin bekerja, menurut arahan, dan menggunakan minda ketika berinteraksi dengan pelanggan. Remaja yang dahulunya malas, tiada wawasan,tidak yakin diri dan sebagainya pasti berubah sebaik sahaja mereka bekerja secara sambilan ini.
Sudah pasti kelebihan ketara bekerja secara sambilan ini ialah aspek kewangan. Remaja mempunyai wang mereka sendiri yang memberi sedikit kepuasan dalam hidup. Perasaan mampu membeli sesuatu atas kemampuan kewangan sendiri sememangnya membawa satu perasaan yang tidak dapat dihuraikan. Jelaslah, kerja sambilan memberi satu kepuasan kewangan yang begitu tinggi kepada remaja.
Cuma dalam keghairahan remaja bekerja secara sambilan ini, aspek impak negatifnya harus diberi pertimbangan sewajarnya. Remaja menjadi individu yang terlalu sibuk, mementingkan kewangan,lupa tugas belajar mereka dan mungkin terlalu angkuh sehingga menganggap mereka sudah mampu hidup sendiri tanpa bantuan keluarga. Sikap terlalu rapat dengan rakan sekerja yang lebih dewasa turut mampu menjerumuskan remaja ke arah budaya yang tidak sihat.
Kesimpulannya, kerja sambilan sememangnya wajar dilakukan oleh remaja tetapi harus secara bertanggungjawab. Remaja harus menimbang dengan mendalam sebelum menyertai kerja sambilan. Bukan sahaja kebenaran ibubapa penting tetapi remaja harus bertanya kepada diri sendiri, adakah ini sesuatu yang ingin mereka lakukan? Atau mereka penuhkan masa cuti mereka dengan aktiviti berfaedah yang lain.
DISEDIAKAN OLEH : JESSICA SANDRA
CELL AS BASIC UNIT OF LIFE
Cell Theory
Cells are the basic unit of all living things. All organs are made up of one or more cells. Cells are produced from other cells. All three of these statements come from the cell theory. The cell theory is a theory that is widely accepted as a truth.
Cell Characteristics
All cell are alive and carry out respiration, reproduction (meiosis) and growth (mitosis). Cells arise from stem cells and become specialized for distinct functions such as; contraction, conduction, secretion, absorption, and protection. Cell specialization is also known as cell differentiation. All cells have a few things in common. For example: Cell membrane, DNA, cytoplasm, and ribosomes. Cell shapes vary greatly. They include spheres, cubes, flat, column, and doughnut shaped cells. Some cells are long and narrow, such as neurons. Other cells are wide and short like erythrocytes. Some cells are enclosed in a rigid cell wall, while others have a flexible cell membrane or none at all.
As you will read on through this site you will find out even more interesting facts about cells and cell processes.
CREATED BY : JESSICA SANDRA
Cells are the basic unit of all living things. All organs are made up of one or more cells. Cells are produced from other cells. All three of these statements come from the cell theory. The cell theory is a theory that is widely accepted as a truth.
Cell Characteristics
All cell are alive and carry out respiration, reproduction (meiosis) and growth (mitosis). Cells arise from stem cells and become specialized for distinct functions such as; contraction, conduction, secretion, absorption, and protection. Cell specialization is also known as cell differentiation. All cells have a few things in common. For example: Cell membrane, DNA, cytoplasm, and ribosomes. Cell shapes vary greatly. They include spheres, cubes, flat, column, and doughnut shaped cells. Some cells are long and narrow, such as neurons. Other cells are wide and short like erythrocytes. Some cells are enclosed in a rigid cell wall, while others have a flexible cell membrane or none at all.
As you will read on through this site you will find out even more interesting facts about cells and cell processes.
CREATED BY : JESSICA SANDRA
HOW TO MAKE A MIND MAPE
The 'Laws of Mind Mapping' were originally devised by Tony Buzan when he codified the use of imagery, colour and association and coined the phrase 'Mind Mapping'. In the intervening 30 plus years, there have been many variations on the original 'Mind Map ' and the widespread usage of mapping software of various sorts, has dramatically changed what is possible.
The summary below is based on Buzan's structure (a 'Mind Mapping, how to' - details available in his many books) but we believe that whilst this structure is great for establishing well structured maps that can be used in many different ways, variations on these rules or 'laws' are often sensible and appropriate - as long as they are based on an understanding of why the laws exist and what they are trying to help the mind mapper to achieve.
A Mind Map showing 'How to Make a Mind Map'
The Mind Map above was produced using iMindMap.
1. Take a blank piece of paper, A4 or larger. Blank paper allows 360ยบ of freedom to express the full range of your cortical skills, whereas pre-drawn lines restrict the natural flow of your thoughts.
2. Use the paper in landscape orientation. Words and images have more space in the direction we write, so they don’t bump into margins as quickly.
3. Start in the centre. Thoughts start in the centre of our mental world. The Mind Map page reflects this!
4. Make a central image that represents the topic about which you are writing/thinking:
* Use at least three colours.
* Keep the height and width of the central image to approx. 2’’ or 5 cm (proportionately larger for bigger paper).
* Allow the image to create its own shape (do not use a frame).
A picture is worth a thousand words. It opens up associations, focuses the thoughts, is
fun and results in better recall:
* Colours stimulate the right cortical activity of imagination as well as capturing and holding attention.
* This size gives plenty of space for the rest of your Mind Map, while making it large enough to be the clear focus of the topic.
* The unique shape makes it more memorable and enjoyable. A frame makes the centre a monotony of shape and disconnects the branches.
5. The main themes around the central image are like the chapter headings of a book:
* Print this word in CAPITALS or draw an image.
* Place on a line of the same length
* The central lines are thick, curved and organic i.e. like your arm joining your body, or the branch of a tree to the trunk.
The branch of a Mind Map
* Connect directly to the central image.
The main themes, connected to the central image on the main branches, allow their relative importance to be seen. These are the Basic Ordering Ideas (BOIs) and aggregate and focus the rest of the Mind Map:
* Printing (versus cursive) allows the brain to photograph the image thus giving easier reading and more immediate recall.
* Word length equals line length. An extra line disconnects thoughts, length accentuates the connection.
* Curved lines give visual rhythm and variety and so are easier to remember, more pleasant to draw and less boring to look at. Thicker central lines show relative importance.
* Connected to the image because the brain works by association not separated, disconnected lines.
6. Start to add a second level of thought. These words or images are linked to the main branch that triggered them. Remember:
* Connecting lines are thinner.
* Words are still printed but may be lower case.
Your initial words and images stimulate associations. Attach whatever word or image is triggered. Allow the random movement of your thought; you do not have to ‘finish’ one branch before moving on:
* Connected lines create relationships and a structure. They also demonstrate the level of importance, as from a branch to a twig.
* The size and style of the letters provide additional data about the importance and meaning of the word/image.
7. Add a third or fourth level of data as thoughts come to you:
* Use images as much as you can, instead of, or in addition to the words.
* Allow your thoughts to come freely, meaning you ‘jump about’ the Mind Map as the links and associations occur to you.
Your brain is like a multi-handed thought-ball catcher. The Mind Map allows you to catch and keep whatever ‘thought ball’ is thrown by your brain.
8. Add a new dimension to your Mind Map. Boxes add depth around the word or image. To make some important points stand out.
9. Sometimes enclose branches of a Mind Map with outlines in colour:
* Enclose the shape of the branch and hug the shape tightly.
* Use different colours and styles.
The outlines will create unique shapes as you find in clouds and will aid your memory:
* These provide immediate visual linking. They can also encourage follow-up and remind you of action you need to take.
* They can also show connection between branches by using the same colour outline.
10. Make each Mind Map a little more:
* BEAUTIFUL
* ARTISTIC
* COLOURFUL
* IMAGINATIVE
and
* DIMENSIONAL
Your eyes and brain will be attracted to your Mind Map:
* It will be easier to remember.
* It will be more attractive to you
(and to others as well).
11. Have fun!
Add a little humour, exaggeration or absurdity wherever you can. Your brain will delight in getting the maximum use and enjoyment from this process and will therefore learn faster, recall more effectively and think more clearly.
CREATED BY JESSICA SANDRA
The summary below is based on Buzan's structure (a 'Mind Mapping, how to' - details available in his many books) but we believe that whilst this structure is great for establishing well structured maps that can be used in many different ways, variations on these rules or 'laws' are often sensible and appropriate - as long as they are based on an understanding of why the laws exist and what they are trying to help the mind mapper to achieve.
A Mind Map showing 'How to Make a Mind Map'
The Mind Map above was produced using iMindMap.
1. Take a blank piece of paper, A4 or larger. Blank paper allows 360ยบ of freedom to express the full range of your cortical skills, whereas pre-drawn lines restrict the natural flow of your thoughts.
2. Use the paper in landscape orientation. Words and images have more space in the direction we write, so they don’t bump into margins as quickly.
3. Start in the centre. Thoughts start in the centre of our mental world. The Mind Map page reflects this!
4. Make a central image that represents the topic about which you are writing/thinking:
* Use at least three colours.
* Keep the height and width of the central image to approx. 2’’ or 5 cm (proportionately larger for bigger paper).
* Allow the image to create its own shape (do not use a frame).
A picture is worth a thousand words. It opens up associations, focuses the thoughts, is
fun and results in better recall:
* Colours stimulate the right cortical activity of imagination as well as capturing and holding attention.
* This size gives plenty of space for the rest of your Mind Map, while making it large enough to be the clear focus of the topic.
* The unique shape makes it more memorable and enjoyable. A frame makes the centre a monotony of shape and disconnects the branches.
5. The main themes around the central image are like the chapter headings of a book:
* Print this word in CAPITALS or draw an image.
* Place on a line of the same length
* The central lines are thick, curved and organic i.e. like your arm joining your body, or the branch of a tree to the trunk.
The branch of a Mind Map
* Connect directly to the central image.
The main themes, connected to the central image on the main branches, allow their relative importance to be seen. These are the Basic Ordering Ideas (BOIs) and aggregate and focus the rest of the Mind Map:
* Printing (versus cursive) allows the brain to photograph the image thus giving easier reading and more immediate recall.
* Word length equals line length. An extra line disconnects thoughts, length accentuates the connection.
* Curved lines give visual rhythm and variety and so are easier to remember, more pleasant to draw and less boring to look at. Thicker central lines show relative importance.
* Connected to the image because the brain works by association not separated, disconnected lines.
6. Start to add a second level of thought. These words or images are linked to the main branch that triggered them. Remember:
* Connecting lines are thinner.
* Words are still printed but may be lower case.
Your initial words and images stimulate associations. Attach whatever word or image is triggered. Allow the random movement of your thought; you do not have to ‘finish’ one branch before moving on:
* Connected lines create relationships and a structure. They also demonstrate the level of importance, as from a branch to a twig.
* The size and style of the letters provide additional data about the importance and meaning of the word/image.
7. Add a third or fourth level of data as thoughts come to you:
* Use images as much as you can, instead of, or in addition to the words.
* Allow your thoughts to come freely, meaning you ‘jump about’ the Mind Map as the links and associations occur to you.
Your brain is like a multi-handed thought-ball catcher. The Mind Map allows you to catch and keep whatever ‘thought ball’ is thrown by your brain.
8. Add a new dimension to your Mind Map. Boxes add depth around the word or image. To make some important points stand out.
9. Sometimes enclose branches of a Mind Map with outlines in colour:
* Enclose the shape of the branch and hug the shape tightly.
* Use different colours and styles.
The outlines will create unique shapes as you find in clouds and will aid your memory:
* These provide immediate visual linking. They can also encourage follow-up and remind you of action you need to take.
* They can also show connection between branches by using the same colour outline.
10. Make each Mind Map a little more:
* BEAUTIFUL
* ARTISTIC
* COLOURFUL
* IMAGINATIVE
and
* DIMENSIONAL
Your eyes and brain will be attracted to your Mind Map:
* It will be easier to remember.
* It will be more attractive to you
(and to others as well).
11. Have fun!
Add a little humour, exaggeration or absurdity wherever you can. Your brain will delight in getting the maximum use and enjoyment from this process and will therefore learn faster, recall more effectively and think more clearly.
CREATED BY JESSICA SANDRA
Monday, 2 May 2011
Speech
A very good afternoon to Encik Fauzi Naem, the adviser of the Animation Club , and fellow friends.Thank you for putting your trust in me.I am both nervous and elated to be the president of the Animation Club.As all of you are aware , this club was set up two years ago.Thus, there are still a lot of things that we need to do.
I will try to organise as many activities as possible so that the club's objective of promoting interest in the field of animation can be achieved.Animation in Malaysia is still in its infancy.Therefore, it is our duty to ensure that we can contribute towards this field in the future.Animation is used in many industries.For example, the education industry, advertising, filming and manufacturing.Therefore, our club will be more relevant as years go by.
For this year, my team and I will try our best to serve the club members.Let's make this club the best club in the school.Once again, thank you for electing me.
written by: Norsyafiqah Bt Mohd Hidzir
I will try to organise as many activities as possible so that the club's objective of promoting interest in the field of animation can be achieved.Animation in Malaysia is still in its infancy.Therefore, it is our duty to ensure that we can contribute towards this field in the future.Animation is used in many industries.For example, the education industry, advertising, filming and manufacturing.Therefore, our club will be more relevant as years go by.
For this year, my team and I will try our best to serve the club members.Let's make this club the best club in the school.Once again, thank you for electing me.
written by: Norsyafiqah Bt Mohd Hidzir
Sunday, 1 May 2011
PANTUN NASIHAT
Angin teluk menyisir pantai
Hanyut rumpai di bawah titi
Biarlah buruk kain dipakai
Asal pandai mengambil hati
Pergi mendaki Gunung Daik
Hendak menjerat kancil dan rusa
Bergotong-royong amalan yang baik
Elok diamalkan setiap masa
Air melurut ke tepian mandi
Kembang berseri bunga senduduk
Elok diturut resmi padi
Semakin berisi semakin tunduk
Daun sirih ulam Cik Da
Makan sekapur lalu mati
Walaupun banyak ilmu di dada
Biar merunduk resmi padi
Buah pelaga makan dikikir
Dibawa orang dari hulu
Sebarang kerja hendak difikir
Supaya jangan mendapat malu
Kemumu di tengah pekan
Dihembus angin jatuh ke bawah
Ilmu yang tidak diamalkan
Bagai pohon tidak berbuah
Tumbuh melata si pokok tebu
Pergi pasar membeli daging
Banyak harta tak ada ilmu
Bagai rumah tidak berdinding
Tulis surat di dalam gelap
Ayatnya banyak yang tidak kena
Jagalah diri jangan tersilap
Jikalau silap awak yang bencana
Hendak belayar ke Teluk Betong
Sambil mencuba labuhkan pukat
Bulat air kerana pembetung
Bulat manusia kerana muafakat
DIHASILKAN OLEH : JESSICA SANDRA
Hanyut rumpai di bawah titi
Biarlah buruk kain dipakai
Asal pandai mengambil hati
Pergi mendaki Gunung Daik
Hendak menjerat kancil dan rusa
Bergotong-royong amalan yang baik
Elok diamalkan setiap masa
Air melurut ke tepian mandi
Kembang berseri bunga senduduk
Elok diturut resmi padi
Semakin berisi semakin tunduk
Daun sirih ulam Cik Da
Makan sekapur lalu mati
Walaupun banyak ilmu di dada
Biar merunduk resmi padi
Buah pelaga makan dikikir
Dibawa orang dari hulu
Sebarang kerja hendak difikir
Supaya jangan mendapat malu
Kemumu di tengah pekan
Dihembus angin jatuh ke bawah
Ilmu yang tidak diamalkan
Bagai pohon tidak berbuah
Tumbuh melata si pokok tebu
Pergi pasar membeli daging
Banyak harta tak ada ilmu
Bagai rumah tidak berdinding
Tulis surat di dalam gelap
Ayatnya banyak yang tidak kena
Jagalah diri jangan tersilap
Jikalau silap awak yang bencana
Hendak belayar ke Teluk Betong
Sambil mencuba labuhkan pukat
Bulat air kerana pembetung
Bulat manusia kerana muafakat
DIHASILKAN OLEH : JESSICA SANDRA
Last Day of Normal
I could tell there was something wrong. He hadn't been the same the last few months. I just couldn't figure what it was.
"This is my last day of normal," he said to me. He had this half smile, half frightened look on his face. Unusual for my friend.
"You haven't been normal since I've known you, so I can't imagine why tomorrow would be any different," I said laughing.
He didn't respond. I knew then that this might be big.
I waited a few moments and then asked, "So, why will tomorrow be different?"
"I had some tests done recently. I was having problems with my thinking. You know, forgetting and stuff. I just thought it was a part of getting older," he said.
Then looking over the top of his glasses he said, "But this is more than forgetting where I put my keys."
"What kind of tests did you have?"
"Cognitive tests to test my memory and basic understanding."
"So, you're worried about the results?"
"Scared to death!" he said with big, broad expressions on his face. "I didn't do well in the tests."
"So, you're 'last day of normal' means that tomorrow things might be different?"
"Yes, today my life is the way it has been for as long as I can remem...," he stopped in the middle of the word.
"Remember," I added.
"Yes, remember."
"I won't get into 'every tomorrow is different,' or remind you that it may very well be different because it will be better, or happier, or simply a new direction for your life."
"Please don't do that inspirational stuff on me," he said.
"Nope. Not trying to. I just wanted to plant this seed in your brain. This will go one of two ways. Either there is a challenge or there isn't. If there is, I know you well enough that you will make it right, as right as it can be. If there isn't a problem, I want you to promise me that you will never be 'normal' again."
"What?"
"This may sound sick, but I believe we would all benefit from a life threatening moment, a near death experience. It is not until we come close enough to lose it that we really appreciate what we have. Sometimes, some people walk away from such events and go right back into 'normal' mode without any real appreciation for life. I want you to promise me that either way you will never see your life as normal again."
He was speechless.
"Do you hear me? I want you to live life bigger than ever, wider, stronger and fuller. That, by most people's standards is NOT normal."
He turned to me and said, "Will you join me?"
"Yes, I promise!"
He hugged me and said, "I'll never forget you, my friend."
© Bob Perks
CREATED BY : JESSICA SANDRA
"This is my last day of normal," he said to me. He had this half smile, half frightened look on his face. Unusual for my friend.
"You haven't been normal since I've known you, so I can't imagine why tomorrow would be any different," I said laughing.
He didn't respond. I knew then that this might be big.
I waited a few moments and then asked, "So, why will tomorrow be different?"
"I had some tests done recently. I was having problems with my thinking. You know, forgetting and stuff. I just thought it was a part of getting older," he said.
Then looking over the top of his glasses he said, "But this is more than forgetting where I put my keys."
"What kind of tests did you have?"
"Cognitive tests to test my memory and basic understanding."
"So, you're worried about the results?"
"Scared to death!" he said with big, broad expressions on his face. "I didn't do well in the tests."
"So, you're 'last day of normal' means that tomorrow things might be different?"
"Yes, today my life is the way it has been for as long as I can remem...," he stopped in the middle of the word.
"Remember," I added.
"Yes, remember."
"I won't get into 'every tomorrow is different,' or remind you that it may very well be different because it will be better, or happier, or simply a new direction for your life."
"Please don't do that inspirational stuff on me," he said.
"Nope. Not trying to. I just wanted to plant this seed in your brain. This will go one of two ways. Either there is a challenge or there isn't. If there is, I know you well enough that you will make it right, as right as it can be. If there isn't a problem, I want you to promise me that you will never be 'normal' again."
"What?"
"This may sound sick, but I believe we would all benefit from a life threatening moment, a near death experience. It is not until we come close enough to lose it that we really appreciate what we have. Sometimes, some people walk away from such events and go right back into 'normal' mode without any real appreciation for life. I want you to promise me that either way you will never see your life as normal again."
He was speechless.
"Do you hear me? I want you to live life bigger than ever, wider, stronger and fuller. That, by most people's standards is NOT normal."
He turned to me and said, "Will you join me?"
"Yes, I promise!"
He hugged me and said, "I'll never forget you, my friend."
© Bob Perks
CREATED BY : JESSICA SANDRA
THE RICHEST MAN IN IDAHO
During the waning years of the depression in a small southeastern Idaho community, I used to stop by Brother Miller's roadside stand for farm-fresh produce as the season made it available. Food and money were still extremely scarce and bartering was used, extensively.
One particular day Brother Miller was bagging some early potatoes for me. I noticed a small boy, delicate of bone and feature, ragged but clean, hungrily appraising a basket of freshly picked green peas. I paid for my potatoes but was also drawn to the display of fresh green peas. I am a pushover for creamed peas and new potatoes. Pondering the peas I couldn't help overhearing the conversation between Brother Miller and the ragged boy next to me.
"Hello Barry, how are you today ?"
"H'lo, Mr. Miller. Fine, thank ya. Jus' admirin' them peas — sure look good."
"They are good, Barry. How's your Ma ?"
"Fine. Gittin' stronger alla'time."
"Good. Anything I can help you with ?"
"No, Sir. Jus' admirin' them peas."
"Would you like to take some home ?"
"No, Sir. Got nuthin' to pay for 'em with."
"Well, what have you to trade me for some of those peas?"
"All I got's my prize aggie — best taw around here."
"Is that right ? Let me see it."
"Here 'tis. She's a dandy."
"I can see that. Hmmmm, only thing is this one is blue and I sort of go for red. Do you have a red one like this at home ?"
"Not 'zackley — but, almost."
"Tell you what. Take this sack of peas home with you and next trip this way let me look at that red taw."
"Sure will. Thanks, Mr. Miller."
Mrs. Miller, who had been standing nearby, came over to help me. With a smile she said: "There are two other boys like him in our community — all three are in very poor circumstances. Jim just loves to bargain with them for peas, apples, tomatoes or whatever. When they come back with their red marbles, and they always do, he decides he doesn't like red after all and he sends them home with a bag of produce for a green marble or an orange one, perhaps."
I left the stand, smiling to myself, impressed with this man. A short time later I moved to Utah but I never forgot the story of this man and the boys — and their bartering for peas for their taw marbles. Several years went by each more rapid than the previous one. Just recently I had occasion to visit some old friends in that Idaho community and while I was there learned that Brother Miller had died. They were having his viewing that evening and knowing my friends wanted to go, I agreed to accompany them.
Upon our arrival at the mortuary we fell into line to meet the relatives of the deceased and to offer whatever words of comfort we could. Ahead of us in line were three young men. One was in an army uniform and the other two wore short haircuts, dark suits and white shirts obviously potential or returned Mormon missionaries.
They approached Sister Miller, standing smiling and composed, by her husband's casket. Each of the young men hugged her, kissed her on the cheek, spoke briefly with her and moved on to the casket. Her misty light blue eyes followed them as, one by one, each young man stopped briefly and placed his own warm hand over the cold pale hand in the casket. Each left the mortuary, awkwardly, wiping his eyes.
Our turn came to meet Sister Miller. I told her who I was and mentioned the story she had told me about the marbles. Eyes glistening she took my hand and led me to the casket.
"This is an amazing coincidence," she said. "Those three young men, that just left, were the boys I told you about. They just told me how they appreciated the things Jim "traded" them. Now, at last, when Jim could not change his mind about color or size...they came to pay their debt."
"We've never had a great deal of the wealth of this world," she confided, "but, right now, Jim would consider himself the richest man in Idaho."
With loving gentleness she lifted the lifeless fingers of her deceased husband. Resting underneath were three, magnificently shiny, red marbles.
CREATED BY : JESSICA SANDAR
One particular day Brother Miller was bagging some early potatoes for me. I noticed a small boy, delicate of bone and feature, ragged but clean, hungrily appraising a basket of freshly picked green peas. I paid for my potatoes but was also drawn to the display of fresh green peas. I am a pushover for creamed peas and new potatoes. Pondering the peas I couldn't help overhearing the conversation between Brother Miller and the ragged boy next to me.
"Hello Barry, how are you today ?"
"H'lo, Mr. Miller. Fine, thank ya. Jus' admirin' them peas — sure look good."
"They are good, Barry. How's your Ma ?"
"Fine. Gittin' stronger alla'time."
"Good. Anything I can help you with ?"
"No, Sir. Jus' admirin' them peas."
"Would you like to take some home ?"
"No, Sir. Got nuthin' to pay for 'em with."
"Well, what have you to trade me for some of those peas?"
"All I got's my prize aggie — best taw around here."
"Is that right ? Let me see it."
"Here 'tis. She's a dandy."
"I can see that. Hmmmm, only thing is this one is blue and I sort of go for red. Do you have a red one like this at home ?"
"Not 'zackley — but, almost."
"Tell you what. Take this sack of peas home with you and next trip this way let me look at that red taw."
"Sure will. Thanks, Mr. Miller."
Mrs. Miller, who had been standing nearby, came over to help me. With a smile she said: "There are two other boys like him in our community — all three are in very poor circumstances. Jim just loves to bargain with them for peas, apples, tomatoes or whatever. When they come back with their red marbles, and they always do, he decides he doesn't like red after all and he sends them home with a bag of produce for a green marble or an orange one, perhaps."
I left the stand, smiling to myself, impressed with this man. A short time later I moved to Utah but I never forgot the story of this man and the boys — and their bartering for peas for their taw marbles. Several years went by each more rapid than the previous one. Just recently I had occasion to visit some old friends in that Idaho community and while I was there learned that Brother Miller had died. They were having his viewing that evening and knowing my friends wanted to go, I agreed to accompany them.
Upon our arrival at the mortuary we fell into line to meet the relatives of the deceased and to offer whatever words of comfort we could. Ahead of us in line were three young men. One was in an army uniform and the other two wore short haircuts, dark suits and white shirts obviously potential or returned Mormon missionaries.
They approached Sister Miller, standing smiling and composed, by her husband's casket. Each of the young men hugged her, kissed her on the cheek, spoke briefly with her and moved on to the casket. Her misty light blue eyes followed them as, one by one, each young man stopped briefly and placed his own warm hand over the cold pale hand in the casket. Each left the mortuary, awkwardly, wiping his eyes.
Our turn came to meet Sister Miller. I told her who I was and mentioned the story she had told me about the marbles. Eyes glistening she took my hand and led me to the casket.
"This is an amazing coincidence," she said. "Those three young men, that just left, were the boys I told you about. They just told me how they appreciated the things Jim "traded" them. Now, at last, when Jim could not change his mind about color or size...they came to pay their debt."
"We've never had a great deal of the wealth of this world," she confided, "but, right now, Jim would consider himself the richest man in Idaho."
With loving gentleness she lifted the lifeless fingers of her deceased husband. Resting underneath were three, magnificently shiny, red marbles.
CREATED BY : JESSICA SANDAR
Trust ........ a small story to read with big message.....
Here is a short story with a beautiful message...
Little girl and her father were crossing a bridge.
The father was kind of scared so he asked his little daughter,
'Sweetheart, please hold my hand so that you don't fall into the river.'
The little girl said, 'No, Dad. You hold my hand.'
'What's the difference?' Asked the puzzled father.
'There's a big difference,' replied the little girl.
'If I hold your hand and something happens to me,
chances are that I may let your hand go.
But if you hold my hand, I know for sure that no matter what happens,
you will never let my hand go.'
In any relationship, the essence of trust is not in its bind, but in its bond.
So hold the hand of the person who loves you rather than expecting them to hold yours...
This message is too short......but carries a lot of Feelings.
Little girl and her father were crossing a bridge.
The father was kind of scared so he asked his little daughter,
'Sweetheart, please hold my hand so that you don't fall into the river.'
The little girl said, 'No, Dad. You hold my hand.'
'What's the difference?' Asked the puzzled father.
'There's a big difference,' replied the little girl.
'If I hold your hand and something happens to me,
chances are that I may let your hand go.
But if you hold my hand, I know for sure that no matter what happens,
you will never let my hand go.'
In any relationship, the essence of trust is not in its bind, but in its bond.
So hold the hand of the person who loves you rather than expecting them to hold yours...
This message is too short......but carries a lot of Feelings.
CREATED BY : JESSICA SANDRA
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